Primary target areas are the navel area and thighs. Secondary target areas are the chest, arms, and lower legs. Restricted target areas are the head, neck, back, and groin. Based on the results of ballistic testing, injuries to the primary target areas will result in significant pain and bruising. Injuries to the secondary target areas are expected to register an AIS 2 on the Abbreviated Injury Scale, with a 25-35% probability of an AIS 2+ injury using 9mm ammunition, and a 75-85% probability of an AIS 2+ with .40cal. An AIS 2+ refers to a moderate injury, such as a fractured sternum or ribs, but a low risk of a severe lung injury or commotio cordis (< 2% with 9mm and < 3% with .40cal). Any impact to a restricted area has a high probability of severe injury.